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Abstract Selection causes local adaptation across populations within species and simultaneously divergence between species. However, it is unclear if either the force of or the response to selection is similar across these scales. We show that natural selection drives divergence between closely related species in a pattern that is distinct from local adaptation within species. We use reciprocal transplant experiments across three species ofPhloxwildflowers to characterize widespread adaptive divergence. Using provenance trials, we also find strong local adaptation between populations within a species. Comparing divergence and selection between these two scales of diversity we discover that one suite of traits predicts fitness differences between species and that an independent suite of traits predicts fitness variation within species. Selection drives divergence between species, contributing to speciation, while simultaneously favoring extensive diversity that is maintained across populations within a species. Our work demonstrates how the selection landscape is complex and multidimensional. 

Summary The tree of life is riddled with reticulate evolutionary histories, and some clades, such as the eastern standingPhlox, appear to be hotspots of hybridization. In this group, there are two cases of reinforcement and nine hypothesized hybrid species. Given their historical importance in our understanding of plant speciation, the relationships between these taxa and the role of hybridization in their diversification require genomic validation.Using phylogenomic analyses, we resolve the evolutionary relationships of the eastern standingPhloxand evaluate hypotheses about whether and how hybridization and gene flow played a role in their diversification.Our results provide novel resolution of the phylogenetic relationships in this group, including paraphyly across some taxa. We identify gene flow during one case of reinforcement and find genomic support for a hybrid lineage underlying one of the five hypothesized homoploid hybrid speciation events. Additionally, we estimate the ancestries of four allotetraploid hybrid species.Our results are consistent with hybridization contributing to diverse evolutionary outcomes within this group; although, not as extensively as previously hypothesized. This study demonstrates the importance of phylogenomics in evaluating hypothesized evolutionary histories of non‐model systems and adds to the growing support of interspecific genetic exchange in the generation of biodiversity. 

Sustainable cities depend on urban forests. City trees—pillars of urban forests—improve our health, clean the air, store CO₂, and cool local temperatures. Comparatively less is known about city tree communities as ecosystems, particularly regarding spatial composition, species diversity, tree health, and the abundance of introduced species. Here, we assembled and standardized a new dataset ofN= 5,660,237 trees from 63 of the largest US cities with detailed information on location, health, species, and whether a species is introduced or naturally occurring (i.e., “native”). We further designed new tools to analyze spatial clustering and the abundance of introduced species. We show that trees significantly cluster by species in 98% of cities, potentially increasing pest vulnerability (even in species-diverse cities). Further, introduced species significantly homogenize tree communities across cities, while naturally occurring trees (i.e., “native” trees) comprise 0.51–87.4% (median = 45.6%) of city tree populations. Introduced species are more common in drier cities, and climate also shapes tree species diversity across urban forests. Parks have greater tree species diversity than urban settings. Compared to past work which focused on canopy cover and species richness, we show the importance of analyzing spatial composition and introduced species in urban ecosystems (and we develop new tools and datasets to do so). Future work could analyze city trees alongside sociodemographic variables or bird, insect, and plant diversity (e.g., from citizen-science initiatives). With these tools, we may evaluate existing city trees in new, nuanced ways and design future plantings to maximize resistance to pests and climate change. We depend on city trees.